The P-40 was the main USAAF fighter aircraft in the South West Pacific and Pacific Ocean theaters during 194142. I recently got involved with the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Museum located in Essex Maryland and became quit enthralled with illustrating WW2 War Birds. [6] [N 1]. 930 Tomahawk IIB models were then ordered, replacing the original American .30 caliber wing machine guns with British 0.303 inch machine guns. The group claimed 58 Ju 52s, 14 Bf 109s and two Bf 110s destroyed, with several probables and damaged. 44 days, 75 Squadron and the Battle for Australia, Michael Veitch, Hachette Australia; 1st edition (25 July 2017), Turning Point: The Battle for Milne Bay 1942 - Japan's first land defeat in World War II, Michael Veitch, Hachette Australia; 1st edition (23 July 2019), ISBN : 978-0733640551, pp 325. The production P-40 (Model 81A) were nearly identical to the XP-40, but was built with a 1,040 hp (780 kW) V-1710-33s and one .30 M1919 Browning in each wing. In 1947 the Royal Canadian Air Force put its P-40s up for sale at a price of $50.00 each. Curtiss P-40 oli yhdysvaltalaisen Curtissin yksimoottorinen ja yksipaikkainen hvittjlentokone, joka lensi ensilentonsa vuonna 1938 ollen palveluksessa toisessa maailmansodassa.. P-40 kehitettiin sotaa edeltneest Curtiss P-36 Hawkista.Yhdysvaltain armeijan lentojoukot USAAC (engl.United States Army Air Corps) kytti koko konesarjasta nimityst Warhawk, Royal Air Force ja . Today, about 20 P-40s of various models are airworthy and about 80 more are in museums or awaiting restoration. Here the gleaming machine is seen on takeoff in the hands of Reno pilot Stevo Hinton. This fighter type is particularly notable for being the shark-mouthed choice of the famed American Volunteer Group, known as the Flying Tigers. The company designation was changed to Model 81 due to the extensive changes from the standard Model 75. 414 Squadron, then based at Croydon Airport. The Kittyhawks fired "nearly 200,000 rounds of half-inch ammunition" during the course of the battle.[80]. Decoded Ultra signals revealed a plan for a large formation of Junkers Ju 52 transports to cross the Mediterranean, escorted by German and Italian fighters. [106], Data from Curtiss Aircraft 19071947,[111] America's hundred thousand: the U.S. production fighter aircraft of World War II[112], Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era, "P-40" redirects here. Fighter / Fighter Bomber. The origin of the P-40 Warhawk as a single-engine, single-seat, completely metal attack bomber came from modifications of the X-p40 prototype which was the 10th Curtis P-36 Hawk in production by the Curtis-Wright Corporation. And I decided to use that in the air. Both countries subsequently ordered new U.S. fighter jets, Curtis promised. [18], An unusual production feature was a special truck rig to speed delivery at the main Curtiss plant in Buffalo, New York. On 22 January, a flight of three aircraft led by Lieutenant E. E. Lozov engaged 13 enemy aircraft and shot down two Bf 109Es, again without loss. Had that old girl follow me through college and a couple of moves afterwards before she bit the big one. "Playing Large Part in Burma Fighting Against Japs". One bears the name FU MANCHU, a reference to the fictional master killer created by British author Sax Rohmer. if (e.which == '13') { The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. [24], The Soviets stripped down their P-40s significantly for combat, in many cases removing the wing guns altogether in P-40B/C types, for example. Sprankle was on a training flight on January 24, 1942, when the aircraft spun into the side of a mountain, killing him. Out of the 99 P-40s based in Hawaii during the event, only 25 survived. The British and Canadians called it the Tomahawk. The first prototype placed the glycol coolant radiator in an underbelly position on the fighter, just aft of the wing's trailing edge. Curtiss Tomahawk landing gear photos at factory. Love the P-40 ,if anyone is interested in this aircraft I have a considerable amount of photographs for trade. \ The P-40 was used by over two dozen countries during and after the war. In fact, the Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk / Kittyhawk was the first Allied fighter supplied to the USSR under the Lend-Lease agreement. These served over Guadalcanal, Kokoda, Milne Bay and Darwin. The P-40s were a handful for German and Italian fighters at low and medium altitudes during the campaign in North Africa and were used for air superiority, a role which they played effectively. There is a thread about the build some where on here. [N 7] CBI P-40 pilots used the aircraft very effectively as a fighter-bomber. The P-40 design was a modification of the previous Curtiss P-36 Hawk which reduced development time and enabled a rapid entry into production and operational service. II is injection molded in grey and consists of 108 parts, including 12 clear parts for the canopy, gunsight, photo-reconnaissance camera and aperture, and wing position lights. The American radios did not have hand microphones but throat microphones. American Heritage Museum Shaffer damaged the Fw 200, which was finished off by a P-38F. 3 and No. ships: 49, World War Photos 2013-2023, contact: info(at)worldwarphotos.info. Some of these stocks were leased to the Soviet Union, while the rest remained in American stocks. Acceleration rate was a bit low, but when you got used to the engine, it was OK. We considered the P-40 a decent fighter plane. The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk is an American single-engined, single-seat, all-metal fighter and ground-attack aircraft that first flew in 1938. "The Amazing George Welch: Part One - The Tiger of Pearl Harbor". and only No. It also had a significant role in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Alaska and Italy. They were actually capable of 380 miles per hour and under the right conditions could hold their own with the best fighters they encountered. [57] While the P-40 suffered heavy losses in the MTO, many USAAF P-40 units achieved high kill-to-loss ratios against Axis aircraft; the 324th FG scored better than a 2:1 ratio in the MTO. In 1989, the Curtiss Wright Historical Association in Torrance, California was formed and serious restoration of the recovered P-40 began. Ninety aircraft were modified with armored and self-sealing fuel tanks, reverse throttle controls and British instrumentation - hence the "Tomahawk IIA" designation. By the time the better P-40F and N types became available, production of superior Soviet fighters had increased sufficiently so that the P-40 was replaced in most Soviet Air Force units by the Lavochkin La-5 and various later Yakovlev types. 120 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron, Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force, No. St. Martin's Press. The reports of pilots about the circumstances of the engagements confirm this fact. Because most who piloted the P-40 also flew other fighters, very few famous aviation figures are associated with the Warhawk. The first Curtiss P-40 flew on 4 April 1940 and deliveries to the US Army commenced in June 1940. Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. [24] However, Soviet commanders thought the Kittyhawk significantly outclassed the Hurricane, although it was "not in the same league as the Yak-1".[95][97]. Several Allied nations adopted the P-40 into their military service following its commissioning, with equivalent models of the P-40B and C getting the designation Tomahawk from the British Commonwealth and Soviet forces. All countries represented in our database are included in this selection menu, which is updated automatically as the database grows. Ness - Isle of Lewis. A total of 15 USAAF pursuit/fighter groups (FG), along with other pursuit/fighter squadrons and a few tactical reconnaissance (TR) units, operated the P-40 during 194145. Their pilots claimed 100 aerial victories in P-40s, whilst losing 20 aircraft in combat[N 9][85] Geoff Fisken, the highest scoring British Commonwealth ace in the Pacific, flew P-40s with 15 Squadron, although half of his victories were claimed with the Brewster Buffalo. White or transparent. The P-40s were considered superior to the Hurricane, which they replaced as the primary fighter of the Desert Air Force.[9]. He worked as a consultant on the film Tora, Tora, Tora and was killed while flying a PT-22 for the film in 1968. [42] As a result of this change in role and because DAF P-40 squadrons were frequently used in bomber escort and close air support missions, they suffered relatively high losses; many Desert Air Force P-40 pilots were caught flying low and slow by marauding Bf 109s. }); The only confirmed twin engine claim, a Ki-21 "Sally" (misidentified as a G4M "Betty") fell to Fisken in July 1943. $('.pre-header > .pre-nav > .header-text .CMSEditableRegionEdit').height(200); The No. [19], The P-40 was conceived as a pursuit aircraft and was agile at low and medium altitudes but suffered from a lack of power at higher altitudes. A handful of P-40Ns introduced every weight-saving measure Curtisss Berlin could think of. The 23rd Fighter Group, under the command of General Claire Lee Chennault, replaced it, and it became part of the United States Fourteenth Air Force. The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk is an American single-engined, single-seat, all-metal fighter and ground-attack aircraft that first flew in 1938. Fun activities and exhibitions for families through the week. I love the P-40 and all the stories on it. One of the first models I ever built was the Monogram P-40. Compared to the front-line fighters of the day, these planes were very lightly armedthe fairing-mounted 2 x .50 caliber heavy machine guns were all the pilot could focus on the target. A fair number of burned-out P-40s were re-engined with Soviet Klimov M-105 engines, but these performed relatively poorly and were relegated to rear area use. [9] Based on war-time victory claims, over 200 Allied fighter pilots from the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, the US and the Soviet Union became aces flying the P-40. 1987. Its speed and vertical and horizontal manoeuvre were good and fully competitive with enemy aircraft. The American Heritage Museum at the Collings Foundation Today's most popular; New Registrations; Recently added; Upload photos; Photo albums . [Sic. The P-40 was the U.S. Army's most capable fighter at the dawn of World War II. RCAF home defense P-40 squadrons saw combat over the Aleutians, assisting the USAAF. Although part of the US 14th AF, the P-40s of 3rd and 5th FGs of the Chinese American Composite Wing were flown by both American and Chinese pilots. Tomahawks were used by British and Commonwealth troops throughout Southeast Asia and around the Mediterranean during the North African campaign. "[92] Nevertheless, Tomahawks and Kittyhawks were used against the Germans. P-40C TOMAHAWK. Each came equipped with a radio, six .50-caliber machine guns, and auxiliary bomb racks that could hold 35-lb fragmentation bombs. G-CIIO doing run-ups at flying legends 2018, held at Duxford (EGSU). Many US pilots stripped down their P-40s even further to improve performance, often removing two or more of the wing guns from the P-40F/L. The AVG was an indirect U.S. engagement with Japan, and its forces consisted of Army, Navy, and Navy pilots. When the Tomahawk was used by Allied units based in the UK from February 1941, this limitation relegated the Tomahawk to low-level reconnaissance with RAF Army Cooperation Command RAF serials were AH881/990, with Curtiss construction numbers being 14131/14220 and 14582/14601. 27 ft (11. Over Russia, the P-40 saw most front line use in 1942 and early 1943, particularly in the northern sectors. The Japanese Army captured some P-40s and later operated a number in Burma. Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk Photos and Pictures Browse our comprehensive image library to see photos of aviation and aircraft. Aircraft of the Aces 38 Tomahawk and Kittyhawk Aces of the RAF and Commonwealth: 1-84176-083-8 Osprey Publishing 23 Models B and C are slightly upgraded versions of the base P-40 with more machine gun fire and better survivability, these brands are in Europe , the Mediterranean, North Africa, Southeast Asia and the skies along the Eastern Front gained considerable combat experience. The aviation historian Walter J. Boyne wrote that over Africa, the P-40 and the Folgore were "equivalent". $('.searchbox').on('keydown', function (e) { After the war, Gen. Henry Hap Arnold said, But for the P-40, the Japanese would have come all the way to Australia., This article was originally published on Feb 14, 2012. [N 2] Further tests in December 1939 proved the fighter could reach 366mph (589km/h). 68 Curtiss P 40 Warhawk Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Images Images Creative Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 68 Curtiss P 40 Warhawk Premium High Res Photos Browse 68 curtiss p 40 warhawk stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. The pilot, Lt. Kenneth Wayne Sprankle, was unable to recover from the spin, crashing into the side of a mountain, killing him. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. It was one of the greatest planes of WWII. The P-40 was America's fighter at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941. U.S. airlines overseas sales slumped as major powers such as Britain and France turned to the U.S. for help due to European demand for modern fighter jets. Between the first production in 1939 and the last in November 1944, about 13,738 Warhawks were built, with up to 16 variants, making it the third most-produced American fighter. "Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 7 December 1941 11 December 1941". The overwhelming majority of RNZAF P-40 victories were scored against Japanese fighters, mostly Zeroes. All Rights Reserved. [15], Curtiss engineers worked to improve the XP-40's speed by moving the radiator forward in steps. The aircraft supplied the 33rd FG and the pilots were reassigned.[70]. In the early years of World War 2, the allies depended heavily on the P-40 to gain control of the skies. The photograph P-40 Tomahawk #49 flown by Tom Hayward of the Third Pursuit Squadron - Hell's Angels - of the American Volunteer Group was probably taken from aircraft #47 on May 28, 1942 near the Salween River Gorge on the China-Burma border. Generally, in June 1941, during the North African Campaign, the British Commonwealth squadrons of the Western Desert Air Force became the first to use the P-40s in combat. The lead aircraft in a formation of P-40s is peeling off for an attack in a practice flight at the USAAF advanced flying school. Here are some pictures. The most numerically important types were P-40B/C, P-40E and P-40K/M. I have no idea why the Truman Committee picked on it and the SB2C. [via], The photograph P-40 Tomahawk #49 flown by Tom Hayward of the Third Pursuit Squadron Hells Angels of the American Volunteer Group was probably taken from aircraft #47 on May 28, 1942 near the Salween River Gorge on the China-Burma border. The RAF ordered 560 of these improved fighters in 1940, and they were called Kittyhawk Is. [92], In January 1942, some 198 aircraft sorties were flown (334 flying hours) and 11 aerial engagements were conducted, in which five Bf 109s, one Ju 88, and one He 111 were downed. (Image by Max Haynes - MaxAir2Air.com.) The Flying Tigers, known officially as the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG), were a unit of the Chinese Air Force, recruited from U.S. Navy, Marines and Army aviators. Sokhorukov, Andrey, (translation) and James F. Gebhardt. 568 Main Street A single Focke-Wulf Fw 190 was reported damaged by Lieutenant Willie Ashley Jr. On 2 July the squadron claimed its first verified kill; a Fw 190 destroyed by Captain Charles Hall. [45], Nicky Barr, like many Australian pilots, considered the P-40 a reliable mount: "The Kittyhawk became, to me, a friend. On 22 April, in Operation Flax, a similar force of P-40s attacked a formation of 14 Messerschmitt Me 323 Gigant ("Giant") six-engine transports, covered by seven Bf 109s from II./JG 27. Pilots used to British fighters sometimes found it difficult to adapt to the P-40's rear-folding landing gear, which was more prone to collapse than the lateral-folding landing gear of the Hurricane or Supermarine Spitfire. On 4 July 1942, the American Volunteer Group was disbanded. featuring the Jacques M. Littlefield Collection explores major conflicts It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. 450 Squadrons, were the first Australian units to be assigned P-40s. The 'Keywords' field is perhaps the most useful field included in our search engine.Using this field, you may search for any word, term, or combinations of terms in our database.Every photo field is covered by the Keywords search routine. During the attack on Pearl Harbor, most of the USAAF fighters were P-40Bs, most of which were destroyed. make him small unless he has mouse focus Organized under the command of Claire Chennault, the AVG, better known as the Flying Tigers, entered combat on Dec. 21, 1941. This new liquid-cooled engine fighter had a radiator mounted under the rear fuselage I will follow your blog and glean from your expert esearch and background info. Because the plane had a single-stage low-altitude supercharger,[51] its effective ceiling was about 25,000 feet (7,600m). tank models: 96 . [76] General Henry H. Arnold said of No 75 squadron: "Victory in the entire air war against Japan can be traced back to the actions which took place from that dusty strip at Port Moresby in early 1942. Other victories included Aichi D3A "Val" dive bombers. For example, an option of:- Paul Jones [550].. indicates that there are 550 total photos taken by Paul Jones currently in the database. $('.global-search-icon').on('click touch', function (e) { USAAF General Orders; USAAF History of the 58th FG. Search. 13,738 were built from 1939 to 1944. [via], R.T. Smith next to Chuck Olders P-40 Tomahawk #68 in Kunming, China on May 23, 1942. You may select either a specific database field (airline, aircraft, etc. Unlike previous P-40 variants, the P-40F also has a two-staged supercharger which greatly increases this P-40's high altitude performance. Even with that, the P-40F is still greatly outclassed . P-40 Vintage WWII Airplane flying Chino, California,USA- May 2,2015. [38], The earliest victory claims by P-40 pilots include Vichy French aircraft, during the 1941 Syria-Lebanon campaign, against Dewoitine D.520s, a type often considered to be the best French fighter of the war. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. This was the model that Welch and Taylor flew at Pearl Harbor. UK P-40 squadrons from mid-1942 re-equipped with aircraft such as Mustangs[clarification needed]. A total of 13 Royal Canadian Air Force units operated the P-40 in the North West European or Alaskan theaters. the drab-colored canvas liners,so the camouflage would not have been compromised.I have seen color and black and white photos of P-40 gear bays that showed the liners painted in the undersurface color as well as unpainted . They fought on the front line as fighters during the critical early years of the Pacific War, and the durability and bomb-carrying abilities (1,000lb/454kg) of the P-40 also made it ideal for the ground attack role. P-40 "Tomahawk Mk I" (P-40/Hawk 81A) - original fighter form. "New Army Warplane Rides a Trailer on Its First Trip to Airport". The Curtiss P-40 was one of the first American all-metal single seat fighter planes. It is the third most-produced American fighter, after the P-51 and P-47. Bullet holes riddled the fuselage but she still flew on probably with a dead pilot at the controls. RAAF Museum, 2007, "A29 Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk". Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 1 Link to comment Share on other sites . The Maverick War, Chennault and the Flying Tigers. This quickly prompted a redesign of the wing to accommodate the new artillery installation. 2023 Defense Media Network. The test report indicated that the Tomahawk was inferior to Soviet "M-105P-powered production fighters in speed and rate of climb. Overall: 330 x 970cm, 2686kg, 1140cm (10ft 9 15/16in. Operational excellence is our baseline. Deliveries began in June 1940. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour had occurred only twelve days before. 1938 fighter aircraft family by Curtiss. Conventional bombs carried under the wings. You might be thinking of the Flying Tigers, the aircraft of the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVF). The P-40's performance at high altitudes was not as important in those theaters, where it served as an air superiority fighter, bomber escort and fighter-bomber. The Warhawk was used by most Allied powers during World War II, and remained in frontline service until the end of the war. [via], The photograph P-40 Tomahawk #47 flown by R.T. Smith of the Third Pursuit Squadron Hells Angels of the American Volunteer Group was probably taken on May 28, 1942 near the Salween River Gorge on the China-Burma border. Yes it might seem to come up short when compared to the P-51/Corsair/P-47 All of which were newer fighters. Soviet Air Force reports state that they liked the range and fuel capacity of the P-40, which were superior to most of the Soviet fighters, though they still preferred the P-39. Those who managed to fight longer were eliminated due to lack of spare parts. [9] Dive acceleration was good and dive speed was excellent. The P-40 design was a modification of the previous Curtiss P-36 Hawk which reduced development time and enabled a rapid entry into production and operational service. U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) Curtiss P-40F Warhawk fighters on a training flight out of Moore Field, near Mission, Texas, in 1943. "Ways of the War Hawk: How to Fly the Curtiss P-40 Fighter (Color, 1944)", Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 23:12, Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II, No. "ADF Aircraft Serial Numbers - RAAF A29 Curtiss P-40N Kittyhawk IV". In 1945, the 71st Reconnaissance Group employed them as armed forward air controllers during ground operations in the Philippines, until it received delivery of P-51s. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk became an offshoot of the classic American P-40 Warhawk monoplane consisting of the earlier Warhawks - namely the P-40, P-40B and P-40C Models to Tomahawk I, Tomahawk IIA or Tomahawk IIB. Watch. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. VVS pilots usually flew the P-40 at War Emergency Power settings while in combat, which brought acceleration and speed performance closer to that of their German rivals, but could burn out engines in a matter of weeks. [16] Based on the data obtained, Curtiss moved the glycol coolant radiator forward to the chin; its new air scoop also accommodated the oil cooler air intake. } Late P-40Fs and most Ks, Ls and the P-40Ms had lengthened rear fuselages; the F/Ls had no carburettor air scoop on the upper engine cowling. You may select to display only photos from certain categories, such as Special Paintschemes, Flight Deck photos, etc. The American press still called them the Flying Tigers. Caldwell found the P-40C Tomahawk's armament of two .50-inch (13mm) Browning AN/M2 "light-barrel" dorsal nose-mount synchronized machine guns and two .303-inch (7.7mm) Browning machine guns in each wing to be inadequate. Derived from the Curtiss P-36 series and first flown in 1938, the P-40 was kept in production until 1944, with nearly 14,000 of all models delivered. but the prototype XP-40 was later modified and the radiator was moved forward under the engine. In the Soviet Union, the P-40 came to be the first Allied fighter supplied in quantity under the Lend-Lease programme. The new quad-gun wing proved enticing enough that the U.S. Army pulled 44 from the Curtiss line, added them to the P-40 fuselage, and coined the P-40G designation. Its beaches are full of clean white sand, the water . Improvements to the Allison engine enabled the nose to be shortened and the radiator deepened, resulting in the definitive shape for this classic combat machine. [69] On 23 February 1943, during Operation Torch, the pilots of the 58th FG flew 75 P-40Ls off the aircraft carrier USSRanger to the newly captured Vichy French airfield, Cazas, near Casablanca, in French Morocco. 4 sizes available. All-metal, semi-monocoque - January 13, 2022, The American Volunteer Group, better known as the Flying Tigers, used the best qualities of their shark mouthed P-40Bs in air combat against the Japanese to record an amazing number of victories. Soviet pilot Nikolai G. Golodnikov recalled: "The cockpit was vast and high. Unique P 40 Tomahawk Posters designed and sold by artists. Photographers must have 100 or more photos in the database before their name is included in this selection menu..The 'All Photographers' selection is the default selection for this option. The conditions in which it was found are similar to those preferred for aircraft boneyards. In June 1941, Caldwell, of 250 Squadron in Egypt, flying as flying Officer (F/O) Jack Hamlyn's wingman, recorded in his log book that he was involved in the first air combat victory for the P-40. var searchterm = $('.searchbox').val(); The 126th Fighter Aviation Regiment (IAP), fighting on the Western and Kalinin Fronts, were the first unit to receive the P-40. GC II/5 used its P-40Fs and Ls in combat in Tunisia and later for patrol duty off the Mediterranean coast until mid-1944, when they were replaced by Republic P-47D Thunderbolts. Patten destroyed a balloon near Saltspring Island, British Columbia. The photograph was taken on June 6, 1942. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. By 15 November 1941, the regiment had shot down 17 German aircraft. 41-13297, this fighter was delivered to the US Army Air Corps in March 1941. In the brief, intense battle that occurred [the 317th claimed] 21 enemy aircraft. This aircraft survived the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, as it was in a maintenance hangar undergoing repair. Tomahawk by Luminosity 7 120 107 Tomahawk is a beautiful little community on the northeast coast of Tasmania. 02-5AD-1 V-1710-35 Operating and Flight Instructions dated 1941-10-25. Airfix' P-40 Tomahawk Mk. [82][83] The squadron converted to the Mustang I before commencing operations in mid-1943. The AVG lost only 12 aircraft in air combat, while being credited with almost 300 Japanese aircraft downed by its shark-mouthed Tomahawks. Fax: (978) 568-8231 If you are looking for photos taken in a specific country, or at a specific airport, use this menu. It existed only until July 6, 1942, when it was absorbed in the Army Air Forces and became the 23rd Fighter Group, but in that short period of time, using tactics appropriate to the P-40, it overcame the perception of Japanese invincibility.
Podkozne Vyrazky U Psov, Imm 5669 Guide, Articles P