!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); EPI is an independent, nonprofit think tank that researches the impact of economic trends and policies on working people in the United States. Workers at public universities are covered by applicable state and local labor laws. The majority [], For teaching assistant Hasmita Dhamelia, a UNISON course to build confidence led to a new role as a UNISON rep, UNISON has today (Wednesday) welcomed Durham County Councils decision to change its plans to dismiss and rehire several thousand teaching assistants in the North East. Howard Blume covers education for the Los Angeles Times. Adult and Career Education Human Resources, Learning Continuity Plan and COVID Community Report, Beyond the Bell (Before and Afterschool Programs), Before and Afterschool Programs (Beyond the Bell), Early Education (Transitional Kindergarten), Mnica Garca - Board Member District 2, Chief of Employee Support & Labor Relations, Local Control and Accountability Plan (LCAP), Local District Northeast - Operational Center, Local District Northeast - Parent & Community Engagement Center, Local District Northwest - Parent & Community Engagement Center, Local District Central - Central Instructional Center, Local District Northwest Operation Center, Division of Risk Management and Insurance Services, Linked Learning Vendor and Community Partners, Curriculum Instruction and School Support, Division of Access, Equity and Acceleration, BOOST (Building Our Own Staff as Teachers), Career Assistance for RNs in Education (CARE), Los Angeles Administrative Services Credential, Certificated Assignments and Support Services, Certificated Performance Evaluation Support, Credentials, Contracts and Compliance Services, District Intern Program: Professional Development Plan, ESSA Title II, Part A Private Schools Support, Non-Classroom Teacher and Support Services Vacancies, Special Education Certificated Employment, Verification Process for Special Settings, HR Certificated Assignments & Support Services - Wireframe, HR Certificated Recruitment and Selection - Wireframe, HR Personnel Research & Analysis - Wireframe, HR Aspiring Administrator Programs (APP) - Wireframe, HR Teacher Growth & Induction - Wireframe, Business Applications Supporting Education, IT Project Management and Enterprise Systems, L.A. Unified School District Mobile Application, Accounting Controls (To Be Decommissioned), School Listings: Quick List Location Code, Data Privacy, Analysis, & Reporting Branch, California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress, California English Language Development Test, National Assessment of Educational Progress, Reopening of LAUSD Schools Survey - Family, Reopening of LAUSD Schools Survey - Staff, Procurement and Contract Administration Branch, Credit Cards, Travel and Vendor Services Unit, Unified Digital Instructional Procurement Plan, Office of District Operations and Digital Innovation, Preparing for Storms: Rain and Flood Safety, DOTS District Office of Transition Services, Positive Behavior Intervention and Support_RP, Student Support-Positive Climate Resources, Professional Learning and Leadership Development, Archived Site **DO NOT DELETE** - Administrator Development, Archived Site **DO NOT DELETE** - Educator Development and Support **MyPGS Files storage**, Archived Site **DO NOT DELETE** - Policy and Partnerships, Archived Site **DO NOT DELETE** - Professional Learning and Leadership Development, ESC North Parent & Community Engagement Center, Local District South Parent & Community Engagement Center, Parent & Community Engagement Unit - LD Central, Local District West Parent & Community Engagement Center, ISIC Parent & Community Engagement Center, Downtown | MacArthur Park Community Of Schools, Eagle Rock | Highland Park Community Of Schools, Glassell Pk | Los Feliz Community Of Schools, Jefferson | South Central Community Of Schools, Manual Arts | Vermont Square Community Of Schools, Koreatown | Mid City Community Of Schools, Student Medical Services & Medi-Cal Program, Master Plan for English and Standard English Learners, EACH QUALIFICATION ON THE LEFT MAY BE MET BY, High School Diploma, Official Transcripts or Verification Letter*, General Education Development Certificate (GED), Test Assessing Secondary Completion (TASC), California High School Proficiency Examination (CHSPE), California Basic Education Skills Test (CBEST) or equivalent. I do care about these elections because I believe that the union only looks after its own benefits.. The state of graduate student employee unions, Momentum to organize among graduate student workers is growing despite opposition, Growth of non-tenure-track/GSE positions has outpaced growth of tenure positions, Number of academic employees, by faculty status, Fall 2005 and Fall 2015, Non-tenure-track faculty and GSEs make up nearly three-quarters of the academic workforce, Shares of the academic workforce, by faculty status, Fall 2005 and Fall 2015, Program on Race, Ethnicity, and the Economy, Economic Analysis and Research Network (EARN), Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2016: 25-1191 Graduate Teaching Assistants, Collective Bargaining Agreement between New York University and International Union, UAW, AFL-CIO, and Local 2110, UAW, Looking at Student Loan Defaults through a Larger Window, Yale Graduate Students Look to Unionize after Labor Board Ruling, Yale Graduate Students Vote to Form a Union, NLRB Official Rules to Invalidate Unionization Election, https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/loans/plus, Columbia Graduate Students Vote Overwhelmingly to Unionize, Graduate Student Employee Collective Bargaining and the Educational Relationship between Faculty and Graduate Students, Graduate Student Unions: Organizing in a Changed Academic Economy, At Yale, Protests Mark a Fight to Recognize Union for Grad Students, Effects of Unionization on Graduate Student Employees: Faculty-Student Relations, Academic Freedom, and Pay, The Effects of Graduate-Student Unionization on Stipends, Collective bargaining and right to organize, Program on Race, Ethnicity, and the Economy PREE, Economic Analysis and Research Network EARN. How do taxes and spending work, and where do you fit in? Headquarters - 333 South Beaudry Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90017. Privacy Policy Contact Us. The days of pure and simple bread-and-butter unionism in UTLA are over. Administrators on most campuses have strongly resisted the unionization efforts, insisting that teaching assistants are students. 's struck for two days -- following the lead of their counterparts at Yale University, who had staged a week-long strike this spring. Many academies are joining together in groups this is a briefing on academy chains. We use cookies on our website to ensure you find the information you need in the simplest way. Watch 2021-2022 VP Labour Jessica Grenke explain some of the most Theres an inherent imbalance of bargaining power between employers and employees. District officials eventually accepted less live online instruction than in other large California school systems. That number would double if the union efforts in 2017). This info does not constitute financial advice, always do your own research on top to ensure it's right for your specific circumstances and remember we focus on rates not service. This document provides verification of current enrollment at a college/university. The job market in English is particularly bad, says Karen L. Hellekson, a doctoral student at Kansas. We understand that our membership often times needs community assistance & services and may not know where to turn. Not Just for Teachers Most teachers unions offer membership to a variety of roles within schools. EPIs Family Budget Calculator (EPI 2015) measures the income a family needs in order to attain a modest yet adequate standard of living. WebDepartment Stewards are integral to having a strong and healthy union. Find out more about cookies and how we use them. Staff Assistant: other types of duties such as, advising or administration. If you continue to experience issues, contact us at 202-466-1032 or [emailprotected]. Professional standards for teaching assistants. But there is still significant dissatisfaction and apathy in the ranks, partly as a result of the leaderships lower level of attention to the day-to-day work of protecting members, he said. 2015. Opinion: Why does Mexicos president want to dismantle the democratic system that elected him? David Legg, a doctoral student in sociology, was so put off by the tactics of the graduate-student activists that he started his own group: Graduates Against Unionization. It is the new norm that UTLA will attempt to bargain, not just over salaries and benefits, but over class size, expanded support services, as well as other nontraditional contract priorities.. This guide has been drawn up by the NUT with contributions and guidance from UNISON. And theres no doubt that it had an impact on our bargaining session on Friday, June 16. Privacy Policy, Sharing more pathways to student debt relief. So, when LAUSD unjustly terminated a teacher assistant because [Read more], By Max Arias|June 20th, 2017|LAUSD Bargaining Updates|. They accuse the incumbent leaders of being out of touch with members in general and making it hard for opposing voices to be heard. Unit requirements for the 2020-2021 school year were due on July 15, 2021. If Not Labor Rights, a Right to Vote. Harvard Crimson, November 6. They want respect as well as better benefits. 2015. The teacher should be gone for no more than 10 minutes. In order to comply with Article VIII of theUnit F Union Contract(Pg. Voters remain widely divided, especially along partisan lines, with Republicans and conservatives far more critical. Union-represented graduate student employees at public universities have reported that they enjoy higher levels of personal and professional support than that reported by non-union-represented students, and unionized and nonunionized student employees report similar perceptions of academic freedom (Rogers, Eaton, and Voos 2014, 507). Charlena M. Seymour, graduate dean at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, advises administrators who see a graduate-student union in their future not to panic. TAU members standing in solidarity during a WMU Board of Trustees meeting. An increasing number of graduate student workers across the country are seeking to exercise these rights at the private universities where they work while they pursue their education. 26. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 28. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) custom table. But they dont send you an offer to become a full-time employee. If approved by the district, the TAs [Read more]. 2017b. This discussion has Digest of Education Statistics. 34. University of Chicago. 18 -21), the following is the contractual obligation for course completion: For Degree-Track United Teachers Los Angeles union President Cecily Myart-Cruz addresses an October rally of teachers, parents and community members at Bravo Medical Magnet High School in Boyle Heights. WebWestside Union School District is located on the west side of the Antelope Valley, 65 miles northeast of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Unified School District is an equal opportunity employer, Blackboard Web Community Manager Privacy Policy (Updated). She talked too of building power at campuses, reducing standardized testing and fighting for racial and social justice. You must register to attend. When Ms. Sharps 3-year-old daughter fell off a bicycle and needed three stitches, she ended up with a $460 bill. A key priority for Myart-Cruz is justice for people of color. Always remember anyone can post on the MSE forums, so it can be very different from our opinion. Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2016: 25-1191 Graduate Teaching Assistants. Occupational Employment Statistics. This situation must change. While these experiences certainly have educational and professional value for graduate students, these students are nonetheless employees working for compensation under the direction of their academic employers. (GESO would not release membership figures, but of Yales 1,200 T.A. 11. Adult and Career Education Human Resources, Learning Continuity Plan and COVID Community Report, Beyond the Bell (Before and Afterschool Programs), Before and Afterschool Programs (Beyond the Bell), Early Education (Transitional Kindergarten), Chief of Employee Support & Labor Relations, Local Control and Accountability Plan (LCAP), Local District Northeast - Operational Center, Local District Northeast - Parent & Community Engagement Center, Local District Northwest - Parent & Community Engagement Center, Local District Central - Central Instructional Center, Local District Northwest Operation Center, Division of Risk Management and Insurance Services, Linked Learning Vendor and Community Partners, Curriculum Instruction and School Support, Division of Access, Equity and Acceleration, BOOST (Building Our Own Staff as Teachers), Career Assistance for RNs in Education (CARE), Los Angeles Administrative Services Credential, Certificated Assignments and Support Services, Certificated Performance Evaluation Support, Credentials, Contracts and Compliance Services, District Intern Program: Professional Development Plan, ESSA Title II, Part A Private Schools Support, Non-Classroom Teacher and Support Services Vacancies, Special Education Certificated Employment, Verification Process for Special Settings, HR Certificated Assignments & Support Services - Wireframe, HR Certificated Recruitment and Selection - Wireframe, HR Personnel Research & Analysis - Wireframe, HR Aspiring Administrator Programs (APP) - Wireframe, HR Teacher Growth & Induction - Wireframe, Business Applications Supporting Education, IT Project Management and Enterprise Systems, L.A. Unified School District Mobile Application, Accounting Controls (To Be Decommissioned), School Listings: Quick List Location Code, Data Privacy, Analysis, & Reporting Branch, California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress, California English Language Development Test, National Assessment of Educational Progress, Reopening of LAUSD Schools Survey - Family, Reopening of LAUSD Schools Survey - Staff, Procurement and Contract Administration Branch, Credit Cards, Travel and Vendor Services Unit, Unified Digital Instructional Procurement Plan, Office of District Operations and Digital Innovation, Preparing for Storms: Rain and Flood Safety, DOTS District Office of Transition Services, Positive Behavior Intervention and Support_RP, Student Support-Positive Climate Resources, Professional Learning and Leadership Development, Archived Site **DO NOT DELETE** - Administrator Development, Archived Site **DO NOT DELETE** - Educator Development and Support **MyPGS Files storage**, Archived Site **DO NOT DELETE** - Policy and Partnerships, Archived Site **DO NOT DELETE** - Professional Learning and Leadership Development, ESC North Parent & Community Engagement Center, Local District South Parent & Community Engagement Center, Parent & Community Engagement Unit - LD Central, Local District West Parent & Community Engagement Center, ISIC Parent & Community Engagement Center, Downtown | MacArthur Park Community Of Schools, Eagle Rock | Highland Park Community Of Schools, Glassell Pk | Los Feliz Community Of Schools, Jefferson | South Central Community Of Schools, Manual Arts | Vermont Square Community Of Schools, Koreatown | Mid City Community Of Schools, Student Medical Services & Medi-Cal Program, Master Plan for English and Standard English Learners, has been responsible for the hiring, processing, and assignments of new and continuing Teacher Assistants since July 1, 2017. 2003. Treat it as if [Read more], By Blanca Gallegos|December 12th, 2018|LAUSD|, Degree Track Teacher Assistants are required to complete a minimum of 12 units a year as a condition of employment. Close to 12.5% of eligible workers have opted out of joining the union, according to L.A. Unified records obtained by California Policy Center, which has the self-described mission of reigning in government union power.. 1&2. When L.A. schools Supt. Get notified about new Teaching Assistant jobs Accessed December 1, 2017, at epi.org/resources/budget. an economist teaching Western Civilization.. 2. Starting Keck Medicine of USC. The effects of this changing academic economy are twofoldgraduate students not only find themselves in challenging economic circumstances while they are in school, but their economic prospects once they have completed their degree are affected as well. To be a public sector union these last few years has been incredibly difficult, Pechthalt said, referencing the Supreme Courts ending of mandatory public-sector union membership, the debate over remote schooling during the pandemic and the challenge of academic and emotional recovery. Our schools serve the communities of Quartz Hill, Lancaster, Palmdale, Leona Valley, and Antelope Acres. Lesley B. AndersonCoordinator(213) 241-4980 Teacher Assistant Assignments, 333 S. Beaudry Avenue, 15th Floor Los Angeles, CA 90017. Union critics, however, challenge whether the leadership is serving members well, let alone district families. That is all important to education.. 23020402425) Post Assistant Library and Information Officer (Kannada) in Central Secretariat Library, Ministry of Culture. The union election finally occurred in February 2017, with graduate student employees voting in favor of the union in eight out of nine academic departments that held elections. WebWith more than 350,000 members, UNISON represents more education staff than any other trade union in the UK. Poster. Op. https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZcvd-ChpzMtHdX6M0-5G_CzP1ioQJxeYItN. Unit requirements for the 2020-2021 school Pew Research Center. The T.A. After the Board allowed the University a hearing and then denied their claims, the University continued to fight their graduate student workers in court. Authors analysis of National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) data, retrieved December 22, 2017, using the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Find out more about cookies and how we use them. But on the other hand, people are fed up with being mistreated. WebTeacher's Assistant Unit. Universities have an economic incentive to rely on T.A.'s. The unions internal challenges include recruiting dues-paying members now that the Supreme Court has barred mandatory membership in public employee unions. Interactive tools and videos bringing clarity to the national dialogue on economic inequality. While in school, todays graduate students take on more responsibility for university instruction and research than their predecessors did. Our stewards organize, engage & inform members and potential members in their departments. Collective bargaining through a union would give graduate students power over their employment. Parent opinion has divided sharply and passionately over such moves. By Blanca Gallegos|August 27th, 2020|LAUSD|, Are Teacher Assistants allowed to be in Zoom breakout rooms without teachers? Reach out to your department steward! at *1 (Aug. 23, 2016). 's from their downtown headquarters that April night to remind them to vote Yes. All rights reserved. The average salary for graduate TAs in the New York City metropolitan area is $42,290 (BLS 2017b). As the landscape of student debt shifts, and more and more opportunities allow borrowers to have their debt relieved, the AFT is using every avenue to ensure that the word is out. National Academy of Sciences (NAS), National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and Institute of Medicine (IOM). And when the district was preparing to reopen campuses for in-person learning, the union demanded that teachers first have the opportunity to be fully immunized against COVID-19. Download and zoom to navigate the map. Once javascript and access to those URLs are allowed, please refresh this page. Experience working with children, preferably in a classroom setting. Establishing the union wasnt easy; the initial contract, signed in 1991, was preceded by a 10-day strike. Poster setting out all the specialist and generic benefits to school support staff of belonging to UNISON. 2017. Source: Authors analysis of National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) data, retrieved December 22, 2017, using the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Union leaders point out that member working conditions are student learning conditions they share a common interest. U.S. Department of Education. Newsroom The Human Resources Division has been responsible for the hiring, processing, and assignments of new and continuing Teacher Assistants since U.S. Department of Education. Dollars are adjusted for inflation to 2016 dollars using the CPI-U-RS. Cecily Myart-Cruz has won reelection as president of United Teachers Los Angeles, receiving three of every four votes cast, empowering her For five years, the Graduate Employees and Students Organization at Yale, known as GESO, has asked the university to recognize it as the bargaining agent for teaching assistants. Historically, faculty unions and most professors have shown little interest in their cause, but those attitudes are changing. Schenk Jr., Tom. Fry, Richard. Theres a level of bad faith, she says. American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO. And we have to continue our work with coalitions locally, statewide and at the national level.. Roughly 22,000 teaching assistants in nine states are represented by unions, according to labor experts. 2017c. Join us on Zoom to discuss issues that members on the Early Education Labor Management Cmtee will bring to LAUSD's attention at their next meeting with the school district. Report By Teresa Kroeger, Celine McNicholas, Marni von Wilpert, and Julia Wolfe January 11, 2018. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Rogers, Sean, Adrienne E. Eaton, and Paula B. Voos. We understand the issues you face join the experts. Employment growth represents percent change in total nonfarm employment from October 2005 to October 2015. In his work with the national graduate-student association, Mr. McCrossin travels the country. Harris, Elizabeth A. Breakthrough for teaching assistants in Durham, says UNISON. PLUS Loans. Accessed December 1, 2017, at https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/loans/plus. During the strike, the union enjoyed broad support from parents across the city as teachers called attention to crowded classrooms and funding shortfalls. The most likely cause of this is a content blocker on your computer or network. The labor dynamic is a change for Carvalho, said school board President Jackie Goldberg, because in Florida, where Carvalho worked, unions had more limited rights, as she put it, only to meet and beg over salary and benefits. Leaflet for school learning support staff in Wales setting out the benefits of UNISON following on from compulsory registration with the EWC. Please click the link below to view school sites associated with their regions. During the 20112012 school year, 12.1 percent of all graduate students and 57.9 percent of non-education Ph.D. students worked as graduate student assistants, a category that includes research assistants and teaching assistants.1 Over the last several decades, universities have increasingly shifted teaching duties away from tenured or tenure-track faculty and onto graduate students and adjunct or other non-tenure-track instructors. The University administration fought their petition before the National Labor Relations Board, arguing that the graduate student workers are not employees and should not be permitted to join a union. Young Adults, Student Debt and Economic Well-Being. 29. 31. Looking to join? Below is a list of our current TAU stewards & how to contact them! In ongoing contract negotiations, the unions sweeping list of bargaining priorities includes such areas as funding for the Black Student Achievement Program, specifics on organizing the district, building affordable housing for low-income families, environmental justice, healthy food, trauma-informed teaching, techniques for de-escalation of conflict and increased access to ethnic studies. Negotiations have been less confrontational since then, Ms. Seymour says. John Rinkenbaugh, a graduate student in journalism, was among the 202 who voted against unionizing. Young workers and the minimum wage. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Engelmayer, Caroline S. 2017. Graduate students also pay for health insurance. A statewide poll last year indicated no major political shift in attitudes toward teachers unions. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Attendance was about half as much as L.A. Unified initially announced, a deeper review of data shows. That same weekend, a group of teaching assistants at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was preparing to ask its 500 members to select a union -- a step toward the establishment of a bargaining unit. Department Stewards are integral to having a strong and healthy union. Blackboard Web Community Manager Privacy Policy (Updated). This gives us a powerful voice to campaign against inequalities, Its clear the district is paying attention to our ongoing actions because they made some movement but its still not enough.The district proposed fully paid health care benefits, including coverage for dependents, for members in Units F & G,including teacher assistants [Read more], By Blanca Gallegos|August 3rd, 2021|LAUSD|, LAUSD has informed our union that it is reviewing Teacher Assistant (TA) transcripts sent via email on or before July 31, 2021 as the first priority. When Carvalho pushed to extend the school year by adding four optional acceleration days, the union said the change to the calendar had been improperly imposed without bargaining. The problem from the universitys point of view, says David E. Shulenberger, vice-chancellor for academic affairs at Kansas, is that almost everything they want is of an economic nature. For example, their health coverage would cost the university $2.6-million, he says. We let them know that were looking forward to a fair proposal. Read the full column here. Its about a place at the table. Note: As a point of reference, total nonfarm employment growth between October 2005 and October 2015 was 5.9 percent (BLS 2017a). 2016. 27. Teacher Assistants Have the Right to a Grace Period to Complete College Credits. See Objections to an Election, filed by the Employer, December 16, 2016, and Board Decision, issued by the NLRB, December 16, 2017. Better wages and health benefits are the organizers demands, but the drive to unionize is about more than economic gain, says Mr. McCrossin, who is also a doctoral student in philosophy at Yale. 2017). The obstacles that graduate employees at many of our nations most elite universities face parallel the challenges that workers across the country face in their unionizing efforts and highlight the gaps in our federal labor law for private employers that need to be fixed (Bivens et al. In a year when kitchen table issues, democracy and our freedoms were on the ballot, many people told me that the elections came down to a choice between, on the one side, election deniers and extremists stoking fear, and on the other, problem-solvers working to help the country move forward. Each key issue explains the facts behind the issue, what UNISON is doing and how you can get involved. In August 2016, a ruling by the National Labor Relations Board found that student teaching assistants and student research assistants are employees at private universities and therefore have the right to unionize under the National Labor Relations Act. As many of you may be aware, the United Autoworkers Union is seeking to organize graduate Teaching Assistants and Research Assistants on campus. When teachers asked for a raise, parents went out with signs to march on their behalf, and the district gave them the raise, said Maria Baos, who has children at Lizarraga Elementary and Franklin High. The real question for the union, regardless of whos running it is: Is whats good for the union, in terms of what theyre advocating, also good for the students? said Pedro Noguera, dean of the USC Rossier School of Education. Two of the founders of the T.A. Opinion: Why does Mexicos president want to dismantle the democratic system that elected him? Two members of his slate are working at the districts virtual academy an alternative posting for some workers who refused to be vaccinated. Thats an area of disagreement with her two opponents, who call for letting each high school decide if it would help to have an officer on campus. For the campaign, Myart-Cruz had put together an all-woman slate that did not include three officers from her first term. 90, Slip. Position: Laboratory Assistant, Phlebotomy - Clinical Lab - Full Time 8 Hour Days (Non-Exempt) (Union)
The Laboratory Assistant/Courier is the Department's The growth of the academic workforce as a whole is not keeping pace with the increasing supply of potential faculty members. A year later, the union advocated aggressively for strict pandemic safety measures, including early and extended campus closures. or subscribe. 24, 417430. 32. Each candidate was permitted to respond briefly to the same three questions. 7. In September 2017, the University filed a motion trying to stop the election, arguing that the Trump administration would likely come to its aid by reversing the Columbia decision that allowed graduate student workers to unionize.28 After months of delay, the union election finally occurred in October 2017 with graduate student employees voting overwhelmingly in favor of the union (1,103 for, 479 against).29.
How Much Are The Snuggly Reindeer Slippers Worth, Easy Scholarship In Practice Classes Umd, Largest Human Skeleton Ever Found, Leonard Susskind Wife, Disadvantages Of Internet In Tourism Industry, Articles T